Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Crop yields can be greatly increased by adding chemical fertilizers to the soil, manufactured from ammonia. If used carelessly the fertilizer can leach out of the soil into rivers and lakes, causing algae to grow rapidly. This can block out light preventing photosynthesis. The dissolved oxygen soon gets used up and the river or lake dies.

To make nitrogen for chemical fertilizers and other industrial applications, it must first be reacted with hydrogen to produce ammonia. This is done by the Haber process on a vast scale.

Non-renewable nutrients

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Fertilizer value of unrecovered nutrients in our waterways is over $15B per year.

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